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string

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print list

print ʸ (¤³¤ì¤Ï³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤Ç¤¹) ¤Ï¡¢¤â¤¦¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤Î½ÐÎÏÊýË¡¤Ç¤¹¡£ "list" ¤Ï¥³¥ó¥Þ¤Ç¶èÀڤä¿Ê¸»úÎ󤪤è¤Ó±é»»¼°¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ ³Æʸ»úÎ󤢤뤤¤Ï±é»»¼°¤¬¥ê¥¹¥È¤Î½ç¤Ëɽ¼¨¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ºÇ¸å¤Ë²þ¹Ô¤Ï½ÐÎϤµ¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£ ±é»»¼°¤Ïɾ²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢¤½¤ÎÃͤ¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¤È¤â¤Ë¡¢ ÊÑ¿ô last ¤ËÂåÆþ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ print ʸÃæ¤Îʸ»úÎó¤Ï½ÐÎϤËɽ¼¨¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢Æüìʸ»ú¤ò´Þ¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£ Æüìʸ»ú¤Ï¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å (\) ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£ bc ¤Ç»È¤¨¤ëÆüìʸ»ú¤Ï¡¢ "a" (¥Ù¥ë)¡¢"b" (¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹)¡¢ "f" (¥Õ¥©¡¼¥à¥Õ¥£¡¼¥É)¡¢"n" (²þ¹Ô)¡¢"r" (Éüµ¢)¡¢"q" (Æó½Å°úÍÑÉä)¡¢ "t" (¥¿¥Ö)¡¢"\" (¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å) ¤Ç¤¹¡£ ¤³¤ì°Ê³°¤Ï̵»ë¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£

{ statement_list }

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if ( expression ) statement1 [else statement2]

if ʸ¤Ï±é»»¼° expression ¤òɾ²Á¤·¡¢¤½¤ÎÃͤ˱þ¤¸¤Æ ʸ statement1 ¤Þ¤¿¤Ïʸ statement2 ¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ expression ¤ÎÃͤ¬ 0 ¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð statement1 ¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ statement2 ¤¬Â¸ºß¤·¡¢expression ¤ÎÃͤ¬ 0 ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢statement2 ¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ (else Àá¤Ï³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤Ç¤¹¡£)

while ( expression ) statement

while ʸ¤Ï expression ¤¬ 0 ¤Ç¤Ê¤¤´Ö¡¢·«¤êÊÖ¤· statement ¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ statement ¤Î¼Â¹ÔÁ°¤ËËè²ó expression ¤òɾ²Á¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ expression ¤ÎÃͤ¬ 0 ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤«¡¢break ʸ¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢ ¥ë¡¼¥×¤¬½ªÎ»¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

for ( [expression1] ; [expression2] ; [expression3] ) statement

for ʸ¤Ï statement ¤Î·«¤êÊÖ¤·¼Â¹Ô¤òÀ©¸æ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ expression1 ¤Ï¥ë¡¼¥×¼Â¹Ô¤ÎÁ°¤Ëɾ²Á¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ expression2 ¤Ï statement ¤Î¼Â¹ÔÁ°¤ËËè²óɾ²Á¤µ¤ì¡¢ ¤½¤ÎÃͤ¬ 0 ¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð statement ¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ expression2 ¤ÎÃͤ¬ 0 ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤È¡¢¥ë¡¼¥×¤Ï½ªÎ»¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ ³Æ statement ¼Â¹Ô¤Î¸å¡¢ºÆ¤Ó expression2 ¤¬É¾²Á¤µ¤ì¤ëÁ°¤Ë expression3 ¤¬ ɾ²Á¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ expression1 ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï expression3 ¤¬¾Êά¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¡¢ ¤½¤³¤Ç¤Ï²¿¤âɾ²Á¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£ expression2 ¤¬¾Êά¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢expression2 ¤¬ 1 ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤Î¤È ƱÍͤ˰·¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ (³Æ expression ¤¬¾Êά²Äǽ¤Ê¤Î¤Ï³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤Ç¤¹¡£ POSIX bc ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢3 ¤Ä¤Î expression ¤Ï¤É¤ì¤â¾Êά¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£) °Ê²¼¤Ï for ʸ¤ÈÅù²Á¤Ê¥³¡¼¥É¤Ç¤¹:

expression1;
while (expression2) {
   statement;
   expression3;
}

break

¤½¤ì¤ò´Þ¤àºÇ¤âÆ⦤Πwhile ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï for ʸ¤Ë¤è¤ë·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤ò¶¯À©Åª¤ËÃæÃǤ·¤Þ¤¹¡£

continue

¤½¤ì¤ò´Þ¤àºÇ¤âÆ⦤Πfor ʸ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¼¡¤Î·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤Ë¿Ê¤ß¤Þ¤¹¡£ (continue ʸ¤Ï³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤Ç¤¹)

halt

¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È bc ¥×¥í¥»¥Ã¥µ¤ò½ªÎ»¤µ¤»¤Þ¤¹(³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½)¡£ Î㤨¤Ð "if (0 == 1) halt" ¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï bc ¤Ï½ªÎ»¤·¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£ halt ʸ¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤«¤é¤Ç¤¹¡£

return

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return ( expression )

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µ¿»÷ʸ

limits

bc ¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¥Ð¡¼¥¸¥ç¥ó¤Ë¤è¤êÀ©¸Â¤µ¤ì¤ë¸Â³¦Ãͤòɽ¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ (limits ¤Ï³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤Ç¤¹)

quit

bc ¤ò½ªÎ»¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¤É¤ó¤Ê¾ì½ê¤Ë¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤â¡¢quit ʸ¤Ï ÆþÎϤµ¤ì¤¿»þÅÀ¤Ç¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£Î㤨¤Ð¡¢ "if (0 == 1) quit" ¤È¤¤¤¦µ­½Ò¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤â¡¢bc ¤Ï½ªÎ»¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

warranty

Êݾڤ˴ؤ¹¤ëÃí°Õ¤òŤá¤Ëɽ¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ (warranty ¤Ï³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤Ç¤¹)

´Ø¿ô

define name ( parameters ) { newline
    auto_list   statement_list }

¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿ parameters ¤Ï¿ô¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏÇÛÎó (³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½) ¤Ç¤¹¡£ ´Ø¿ôÄêµÁ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢0 ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï 1 ¸Ä°Ê¾å¤Î¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Ì¾¤ò ¥³¥ó¥Þ¤Ç¶èÀڤäÆʤ٤뤳¤È¤ÇÄêµÁ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¿ô¤ÏÃÍÅϤ·(call by value)¤Ç¤Î¤ßÅϤµ¤ì¡¢ÇÛÎó¤ÏÊÑ¿ôÅϤ·(call by variable)¤Ç ¤Î¤ßÅϤµ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ÇÛÎó¤Ï¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿ÄêµÁÃæ¤Ç "name[]" ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ëɽµ­¤·¤Æ»ØÄꤷ¤Þ¤¹¡£ ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¿ô¤Î¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ËÂФ·¤Æ´°Á´¤Ê±é»»¼°¤Î¼Â¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ò µ­½Ò¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ ÇÛÎó¤òÅϤ¹É½µ­¤ÏÇÛÎó¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿ÄêµÁ¤ÈƱÍͤǤ¹¡£ ̾Á°ÉÕ¤­ÇÛÎó¤ÏÊÑ¿ô(variable)¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ´Ø¿ô¤ËÅϤµ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ´Ø¿ôÄêµÁ¤Ï¥À¥¤¥Ê¥ß¥Ã¥¯¤æ¤¨¡¢ ¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Î¿ô¤È·¿¤Ï´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÎºÝ¤Ë¥Á¥§¥Ã¥¯¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Î¿ô¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï·¿¤Ë²¿¤é¤«¤ÎÉÔÀ°¹ç¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¡¢ ¥é¥ó¥¿¥¤¥à¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬È¯À¸¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ ̤ÄêµÁ´Ø¿ô¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤â¥é¥ó¥¿¥¤¥à¥¨¥é¡¼¤È¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£

auto_list ¤Ï¾Êά²Äǽ¤Ç¡¢¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤È¤·¤Æ»ÈÍѤ¹¤ëÊÑ¿ô¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È ¤Ç¤¹¡£auto_list ¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¤Ê¤é¡¢¤½¤Îʸˡ¤Ï "auto name, ... ;" ¤È¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£(¥»¥ß¥³¥í¥ó¤Ï¾Êά²Äǽ¤Ç¤¹¡£) ³Æ name ¤¬¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤Î̾Á°¤È¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£ ÇÛÎó¤Ï¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ÈƱÍͤÎɽµ­¤Ç»ØÄê¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÊÑ¿ô¤Ï¡¢´Ø¿ô¤ÎºÇ½é¤Ç¤½¤ÎÃͤ¬¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¤Ë¥×¥Ã¥·¥å¤µ¤ì¤¿¤Î¤Á ÃÍ 0 ¤Ë½é´ü²½¤µ¤ì¡¢´Ø¿ô¤Î¼Â¹ÔÃæ¤Ë»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÊÑ¿ô¤Ï´Ø¿ô½Ð¸ý¤Ë¤Æ¥Ý¥Ã¥×¤µ¤ì¡¢ (´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·»þ¤Î)¸µ¤ÎÃͤ¬Éü¸µ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ï¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ ´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÇÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿Ãͤ˽é´ü²½¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ bc ¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤ÏÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤È°Û¤Ê¤ê¡¢ ´Ø¿ô A ¤¬´Ø¿ô B ¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ê¾ì¹ç¡¢´Ø¿ô B ¤ÎÃæ¤Ë ´Ø¿ô A ¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤ÈƱ¤¸Ì¾Á°¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤¬¤Ê¤¤¸Â¤ê¡¢ ´Ø¿ô A ¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô̾¤ò¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ»È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢ ´Ø¿ô B ¤«¤é´Ø¿ô A ¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤ò¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¥í¡¼¥«¥ëÊÑ¿ô¤È¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ï¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¤Ë¥×¥Ã¥·¥å¤µ¤ì¤ë¤¿¤á¡¢ bc ¤ÏºÆµ¢Åª¤Ê´Ø¿ô¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ò¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£

´Ø¿ôËÜÂÎ¤Ï bc ¤Îʸ¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¹¡£ ·«¤êÊÖ¤·½Ò¤Ù¤Þ¤¹¤È¡¢Ê¸¤Ï¥»¥ß¥³¥í¥ó¤«²þ¹Ô¤Ç¶èÀÚ¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£ return ʸ¤Ë¤è¤ê´Ø¿ô¤Ï½ªÎ»¤·¡¢ÃͤòÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ return ʸ¤Ë¤Ï 2 ¤Ä¤Î·Á¼°¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢ ¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤á¤Î·Á¼° "return" ¤Ï¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¸µ¤ËÃÍ 0 ¤òÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¤â¤¦¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤Î·Á¼° "return ( expression )" ¤Ï¡¢ expression ¤ÎÃͤò·×»»¤·¡¢¤½¤ì¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¸µ¤ËÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£ ³Æ´Ø¿ô¤ÎºÇ¸å¤Ë¤Ï "return (0)" ¤¬¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î¤È²ò¼á¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¤³¤ì¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢ÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë return ʸ¤òÃÖ¤«¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤â¡¢ ´Ø¿ô¤Ï½ªÎ»¤·¤ÆÃÍ 0 ¤òÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£

´Ø¿ô¤ÎÃæ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÊÑ¿ô ibase ¤ÎÆ°ºî¤¬ÊѤï¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£´Ø¿ô¤ÎÃæ¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ ¤¤¤ëÄê¿ô¤Ï¡¢´Ø¿ô¤Î¸Æ¤Ó¤À¤·»þÅÀ¤Î ibase ¤ò¸µ¤ËÊÑ´¹¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ ¤³¤Î¤¿¤á¡¢´Ø¿ôÆâÉô¤Ç ibase ¤òÊѹ¹¤·¤Æ¤â̵»ë¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢É¸ ½à´Ø¿ô read ¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤ÏÎã³°¤Ç¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ï¾ï¤Ë¸½ºß¤Î ibase ¤ÎÃͤò¤â¤È¤ËÊÑ´¹¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£

³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢ÄêµÁ¤Î½ñ¼°¤¬¼ã´³´Ë¤ä¤«¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£ ɸ½à¤Ç¤Ï¡¢³«¤¯¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤¬ define ¥­¡¼¥ï¡¼¥É¤ÈƱ¤¸¹Ô¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤È¡¢ ¾¤ÎÉôʬ¤¬°ú¤­Â³¤¯¹Ô¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤¬É¬¿Ü¤Ç¤¹¡£ ËܥС¼¥¸¥ç¥ó¤Î bc ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢´Ø¿ô¤Î³«¤¯¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤ÎÁ°¸å¤Î²þ¹Ô¿ô¤ÏǤ°Õ¤Ç¤¹¡£ Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¼¡¤ÎÄêµÁ¤Ï¹çË¡¤Ç¤¹¡£

define d (n) { return (2*n); }
define d (n)
  { return (2*n); }

¿ô³Ø¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê

s (x)

sin (x ¤Îñ°Ì¤Ï¥é¥¸¥¢¥ó)

c (x)

cos (x ¤Îñ°Ì¤Ï¥é¥¸¥¢¥ó)

a (x)

atan (ÊÖ¤êÃͤÎñ°Ì¤Ï¥é¥¸¥¢¥ó)

l (x)

log (¼«Á³Âпô)

e (x)

exp (»Ø¿ô´Ø¿ô)

j (n,x)

À°¿ô n ¼¡¤Î¥Ù¥Ã¥»¥ë´Ø¿ô

»ÈÍÑÎã

pi=$(echo "scale=10; 4*a(1)" | bc -l)

¼¡¤ÎÎã¤Ï¡¢¿ô³Ø¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê¤Ç»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë ``e (x)'' ¤ÎÄêµÁ¤Ç¤¹¡£ ¤³¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Ï POSIX bc ¤Çµ­½Ò¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£

scale = 20

/* Uses the fact that e^x = (e^(x/2))^2
   When x is small enough, we use the series:
     e^x = 1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ...
*/

define e(x) {
  auto  a, d, e, f, i, m, v, z

  /* Check the sign of x. */
  if (x<0) {
    m = 1
    x = -x
  } 

  /* Precondition x. */
  z = scale;
  scale = 4 + z + .44*x;
  while (x > 1) {
    f += 1;
    x /= 2;
  }

  /* Initialize the variables. */
  v = 1+x
  a = x
  d = 1

  for (i=2; 1; i++) {
    e = (a *= x) / (d *= i)
    if (e == 0) {
      if (f>0) while (f--)  v = v*v;
      scale = z
      if (m) return (1/v);
      return (v/1);
    }
    v += e
  }
}

¼¡¤ÎÎã¤Ï¡¢bc ¤Î³ÈÄ¥µ¡Ç½¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢``checkbook balances'' (¾®ÀÚ¼êÄ¢»Ä¹â) ¤ò·×»»¤¹¤ë´Êñ¤Ê¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ç¤¹¡£ ¤³¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤ò¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯¤È¡¢ Ëè²ó¥¿¥¤¥×¤·¤Ê¤ª¤µ¤º¤Ë²¿ÅÙ¤â»È¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£

scale=2
print "\nCheck book program!\n"
print "  Remember, deposits are negative transactions.\n"
print "  Exit by a 0 transaction.\n\n"

print "Initial balance? "; bal = read()
bal /= 1
print "\n"
while (1) {
  "current balance = "; bal
  "transaction? "; trans = read()
  if (trans == 0) break;
  bal -= trans
  bal /= 1
}
quit

¼¡¤ÎÎã¤Ï¡¢ºÆµ¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ë¤è¤ê³¬¾è¤ò·×»»¤¹¤ë´Ø¿ô¤Ç¤¹¡£

define f (x) {
  if (x <= 1) return (1);
  return (f(x-1) * x);
}

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